Ellison, A. M. 2001. Macroecology of mangroves: large-scale patterns and processes in tropical coastal forests. Trees: Structure & Function 16: 181-194 .

Supplemental data


Table I. Local and regional richness data used for analysis presented in Figure 2.

Region or Country
Regional Richness
Average Local Richness
Number of sites
Reference
Cairns 37 23.00 1.00
17
Sri Lanka 23 14.00 1.00
27
Indonesia 45 16.00 1.00
1
Australia 37 21.00 1.00
2
India 28 13.00 1.00
3
Australia 28 21.40 6.00
4
Australia 20 9.11 9.00
5
Australia 35 10.27 11.00
6
Taiwan 28 1.00 1.00
7
Peru 5 5.00 1.00
8
Brazil 7 3.00 1.00
9
Sri Lanka 23 9.00 1.00
10
New Zealand 1 1.00  
11
Saudi Arabia 2 2.00 1.00
12
Bangladesh 22 11.00 11.00
13
Pohnpei 14 14.00 1.00
14
Pohnpei 14 6.00 3.00
15
Peru 5 3.00 2.00
16
India 20 15.00 5.00
18
Costa Rica 7 2.00 1.00
19
India 20 12.00 1.00
20
China 28 12.86 7.00
21
Belize 5 2.17 6.00
22
Zanibar 9 5.00 1.00
23
India 28 6.43 7.00
24
Belize 5 3.00 1.00
25
Papua New Guinea 44 20.00 1.00
26
Thailand 35 8.00 1.00
28
India 28 11.00 1.00
29
Pakistan 4 1.00 1.00
30
Papua New Guinea 44 23.00 27.00
31
Pakistan 4 1.00 1.00
32
Andaman Islands 28 11.70 10.00
33
Panama 5 3.00 1.00
34
Hong Kong 8 6.09 23.00
35
Maylaysia 36 5.00 1.00
36
Mexico 5 3.00 1.00
37
Bermuda 3 2.58 33.00
38
Thailand 35 8.00 1.00
39
Nigeria 7 7.00 1.00
40
Japan 11 2.26 19.00
41
Columbia 5 2.67 3.00
42
Columbia 10 3.00 2.00
42
Australia 8 6.00 1.00
43

 

References for Table I.

1. Abdulhadi, R. and Suhardjono. 1994. The remnant mangroves of Sei Kecil, Simpang Hilir, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Hydrobiologia 285: 249-255.
2. Ball, M. C. 1998. Mangrove species richness in relation to salinity and waterlogging: a case study along the Adelaide River floodplain, northern Australia. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 73-82.
3. Banerjee, L. K. 1987. Ecological studies on the mangals in the Mahanadi estuarine-delta Orissa: India. Tropical Ecology 28: 117-125.
4. Bunt, J. S. and E. D. Bunt. 1999. Complexity and variety of zonal pattern in the mangroves of the Hinchinbrook area, northeastern Australia. Mangroves and Salt Marshes 3: 165-176.
5. Bunt, J. S. and T. Stieglitz. 1999. Indicators of mangrove zonality: the Normanby river, N.E. Australia. Mangroves and Salt Marshes 3: 177-184.
6. Bunt, J. S., W. Williams, J. Hunter, and H. Clay. 1991. Mangrove sequencing: analysis of zonation in a complete river system. Marine Ecology Progress Series 72: 289-294.
7. Chou, C.-H. And C.-C. Bi. 1990. Dynamic distribution of nutrients and variation of environmental factors in Tamshui estuary ecosystem. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Republic of China B14: 131-141.
8. Clûsner, M. and S.-W. Breckle. 1987. Reasons for the limitation of mangrove along the west coast of northern Peru. Vegetatio 68: 173-177.
9. Couto, E. D. G. 1996. Structure and phytosociology of Maciel tidal creek Mangrove (Paranagua-Bay, southeastern Brazil). Arquivos de Biologiea e Tecnologia 39: 497-507.
10. Dahdouh-Guebas, F., A. Verheyden, W. de genst, S. Hettiarachchi, and N. Koedam. 2000. Four decade vegetation dynamics in Sri Lankan mangroves as detected from sequential aerial photography: A case study in Galle. Bulletin of Marine Science 67: 741-759.
11. De Lange, W. P. and P. J. de Lange. 1994. An appraisal of factors controlling the latitudinal distribution of mangrove (Avicennia marina var resinifera) in New Zealand. Journal of Coastal Research 10: 539-548.
12. El-Demerdash, M. A. 1996. Vegetation of the Farasan Islands, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Vegetation Science 7: 81-88.
13. Ellison, A. M., B. B. Mukherjee, and A. Karim. 2000. Testing patterns of zonation in mangroves: scale dependence and environmental correlates in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh. Journal of Ecology 88: 813-824.
14. Fujimoto, K. and T. Miyagi. 1993. Development process of tidal-flat type mangrove habitats and their zonation in the Pacific Ocean. Vegetatio 106: 137-146.
15. Fujimoto, K., R. Tabuchi, T. Mori, and T. Murofushi. 1996. Site environments and stand structure of the mangrove forests on Pohnpei Island, Micronesia. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 29: 275-284.
16. Godt, M. C. 1987. Estudios ecológoicos sobre la distribución de los manglares en la costa norte del Perú. Boletin de Lima 49: 43-52.
17. Hegerl, E. J., and J. D. S. Davie. 1977. The mangrove forests of Cairns, Northern Australia. Marine Research in Indonesia 18:23-57.
18. Jagtap, T. G., A. G. Untawale, and S. N. Inamdar. 1994. Study of Mangrove Environment of Maharashtra Coast Using Remote Sensing Data. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 23: 90-93.
19. Jiménez, J. A. and K. Sauter. 1991. Structure and dynamics of a mangrove forests along a flood gradient. Estuaries 14: 49-56.
20. Kothari, M. J. and K. M. Rao. 1991. Environmental impact on mangroves of Gujarat. Indian Botanical Contactor 8: 51-58.
21. Li, M. S. and S. Y. Lee. 1997. Mangroves of China: a brief review. Forest Ecology and Management 96: 241-259.
22. Linhart, Y. B. 1980. Local biogeography of plants on a Caribbean atoll. Journal of Biogeography 7: 159-171.
23. Machiwa, J. F. and R. O. Hallberg. 1996. Flora and crabs in a mangrove forest partly distorted by human activities, Zanzibar. Ambio 24: 492-496.
24. Matilal, S. and B. B. Mukherjee. 1989. Distribution of mangroves in relation to topography and selection of ecotonal communities for reclaimed areas of Sunderbans. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 18: 91-94.
25. McKee, K. L. 1995. Seedling recruitment patterns in a Belizean mangrove forest: effects of establishment ability and physico-chemical factors. Oecologia 101: 448-460.
26. Paijmans, K. and B. Rollet. 1977. The mangroves of Galley Reach, Papua New Guinea. Forest Ecology and Management 1: 119-140.
27. Panapitukkul, N., C. M. Duarte, U. Thampanya, P. Kheowvongsri, N. Srichai, O. Geertzhansen, J. Terrados, and S. Boromthanarath. 1998. Mangrove colonization: Mangrove progression over the growing Pak Phanang (SE Thailand) mud flat. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 47: 51-61.
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29. Rao, V. B., G. M. N. Rao, G. V. S. Sarma, and B. K. Rao. 1992. Mangrove environment and its sediment characters in Godivari estuary, east coast of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 21: 64-66.
30. Rasool, F. and S. M. Saifullah. 1996. Mangroves of Kalmat Khor, Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 28: 143-149.
31. Robertson, A. I., P. A. Daniel, AND P. Dixon. 1991. Mangrove forest structure and productivity in the Fly River estuary, Papua New Guinea. Marine Biology 111: 147-155.
32. Saifullah, S. M., S. S. Shaukat, AND S. Shams. 1994. Population structure and dispersion pattern in mangroves of Karachi, Pakistan. Aquatic Botany 47: 329-340.
33. Singh, V. P., L. P. Mall, A. Garge, AND S. M. Pathak. 1986. Some ecological aspects of mangrove forest of Andaman Islands. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 83: 525-537.
34. Sousa, W. P. AND B. J. Mitchell. 1999. The effect of seed predators on plant distributions: is there a general pattern in mangroves? Oikos 86: 55-66.
35. Tam, N. F., Y.-S. Wong, C. Y. Lu, AND R. Berry. 1997. Mapping and characterization of mangrove plant communities in Hong Kong. Hydrobiologia 352: 25-37.
36. Tanouchi, H., S. Nakamura, Y. Ochiai, and A. Hassan. 2000. Profiles of species composition and aboveground biomass in a mangrove forest, Matang, Peninsular Malaysia. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 34: 147-151.
37. Thom, B. G. 1967. Mangrove ecology and deltaic geomorphology: Tabasco, Mexico. Journal of Ecology 55: 301-343.
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Table II. Leaf traits for "composite" mangroves used for analyses presented in Tables 1-3 and Figures 5-6. 

Location
Species
Leaf life span
Reference
Leaf N
Reference
SLA
Aarea
G
Reference
Notes
(months)
(%)
(m2/g)
(mmol/m2/s)
(mmol/m2/s)
Field Studies                
 
Australia (Darwin) Aegiceras corniculatum
24
1
9.4
138
24
 
Venezuela Avicennia germinans
10
2
1.604
14
0.008
8.15
500
25
 
Florida Avicennia germinans
10
2
6.16
160
26
 
Venezuela Avicennia germinans
10
2
0.00496
4.74
150
27
 
Australia (Vic) Avicennia marina
14
1,3
0.896
15
13.34
28
 
Australia (NSW) Avicennia marina
14
1,3
1.538
16
0.00422
12.4
200
29
 
S. Africa (St. Lucia) Avicennia marina
13
4
1.182
17
 
Kenya (Gazi) Avicennia marina
1.8
18
 
S.Africa (Durban) Avicennia marina
9.2
88
30
 
India (Goa) Avicennia officinalis
0.9
19
 
Thailand Bruguiera cylindrica
13
5
 
Daintree R. Brugueira parviflora
10.5
160
31
 
Australia Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
37
6
0.00751
32
 
Daintree R. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
37
6
9.5
160
31
 
S. Africa (St. Lucia) Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
24
4
0.501
17
 
Kenya (Gazi) Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
0.8
18
 
Australia Ceriops tagal
42
6
0.744
16
0.00529
32
 
S. Africa (Mgeni) Ceriops tagal
31
7
 
Kenya (Gazi) Ceriops tagal
0.8
18
2.9475
43.75
33
 
Venezuela Cocoloba uvifera
0.96
20
3.7
300
34
 
Venezuela Conocarpus erectus
5
8
0.855
20
4.4
180
34
 
Venezuela Conocarpus erectus
5
8
0.855
20
0.00658
3.67
250
27
 
Florida Conocarpus erectus
5
8
0.855
20
6.84
160
26
 
Kenya (Gazi) Heritiera littoralis
2.5
18
 
Hong Kong Kandelia candel
12
9
1.51
21
 
Taiwan Kandelia candel
1.48
22
 
Florida Laguncularia racemosa
4
8
0.885
14
0.00675
7.49
182
26
 
Thailand Lumnitzera littorea
9
5
 
Kenya (Gazi) Lumnitzera racemosa
1.2
18
 
Malaysia Rhizophora apiculata
17
10
1.64
23
10.9
35,36
 
Australia Rhizophora apiculata
22
6
0.00672
88.5
32
 
India (Goa) Rhizophora apiculata
1.42
19
4.39
50
37
 
Belize Rhizophora mangle
9
11,12
0.00800
12.1
11
 
Puerto Rico Rhizophora mangle
9
11,12
19.38
38
 
Florida Rhizophora mangle
9
11,12
1.8
24
4.71
130
26
 
Venezuela Rhizophora mangle
9
11,12
5.55
200
25
 
Florida R. mangle - fringe
9
11,12
1.8
24
7.5
180
39
 
Florida R. mangle - scrub
9
11,12
1.8
24
6.3
143
39
 
Thailand Rhizophora mucronata
11
13
 
S. Africa (Mgeni) Rhizophora mucronata
23
4
 
Kenya (Gazi) Rhizophora mucronata
0.7
18
4.0425
44
33
 
India (Goa) Rhizophora mucronata
1.4
19
 
Australia Rhizophora stylosa
19
6
0.9222
16
0.00591
122
32
 
Hitchinbrook Rhizophora stylosa
19
6
0.9222
16
10.5
106
40
 
Thailand Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea
10
13
 
India (Goa) Sonneratia alba
1.27
19
 
Kenya (Gazi) Sonneratia alba
1.2
18
 
Kenya (Gazi) Xylocarpus granatum
1.2
18
 
   
 
Greenhouse studies  
 
Australia Aegialitis annulata
7
53
41
500 mol Salinity
Australia Aegialitis annulata
4.6
43
41
50 mol Salinity
Australia Aegiceras corniculatum
24
1
13
130
42
10% seawater
Australia Aegiceras corniculatum
24
1
5.5
106
41
50 mol Salinity
Australia Aegiceras corniculatum
24
1
5.2
54
41
500 mol Salinity
S. Amer. Avicennia germinans
1.8
33
41
50 mol Salinity
S. Amer. Avicennia germinans
3.2
51
41
500 mol Salinity
Australia Avicennia marina
14
1,3
14.5
248
42
50% seawater
Australia Rhizophora apiculata
22
6
0.00727
283
43
low CO2, high humidity, 125 mol Salinity
Australia Rhizophora stylosa
19
6
0.00580
357
43
low CO2, high humidity, 125 mol Salinity
Florida Rhizophora mangle
9
11,12
3.4
60
44
high sulfide, low nutrient, high salt
Australia Sonneratia alba
0.01143
45
50% seawater
Australia Sonneratia lanceolata
0.01763
45
50% seawater

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